Table 6 Impact of riboflavin supplementation on the performance, antioxidant capacity, and immunity of swine

Weaned piglets

0, 3.5, or 17.5 mg/kg feed

Improved feed conversion ratio, improved villus height and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth, higher total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase activity.

[4]

Weaned piglets

0 or 10 mg/kg feed

Improved body weight, higher percentage of active erythrocyte glutathione reductase, increased glutathione peroxidase activity in the kidneys and muscles, and higher selenium concentrations in the liver and heart.

[108]

Weaned piglets

0 or 25 mg/kg feed

Increase in erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity, increase in hepatic glutathione peroxidase activity and selenium concentration.

[107]

Weaned piglets

0, 3.7 or 7.4 mg/kg feed

Improved body weight gain and gain/feed ratio, numerically higher erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity.

[6]

Weaned piglets

From 0 to 5 mg/kg feed

Significantly lower concentration and percentage of neutrophilic granulocytes in the blood

[58]

Weaned piglets

0 or 1.5 mg per head and day

Higher growth rate and feed intake.

[89]

Growing swine

1.2 or 1.8 mg/kg feed

Improved growth rate and feed efficiency.

[110]

Gestating sows

1.25 mg/kg feed or 30 mg i.m.

Elimination of stillbirths and intra-litter mortality.

[5]

Cycling gilts

0.77 or 4.1 mg/kg feed

Lower progesterone and estradiol-17β levels, while estrone sulfate levels were substantially higher, indicating normal ovarian cyclicity and sex steroid profiles.

[109]

Lactating gilts

1.25, 2.25, 3.25, 4.25 or 5.25 mg/kg feed

Lower piglet mortality, higher feed intake, and lower weight loss.

[97]

Gestating sows

10 (control), 60, 110, or 160 mg per head and day

Higher farrowing rate.

[92]

Gestating gilts

0 or 100 mg per head and day

Higher live embryo counts, better embryonic survival and increased allantoic fluid volumes.

[64]

Gestating sows

0 or 100 mg per head and day

Greater numbers of piglets born, more piglets alive at days 21 and 42, and higher total litter weights at days 21 and 42.

[64]

Gestating and lactating sows

1.2, 1.8, 2.8 or 3.6 mg/kg feed

Higher conception rate and increased litter size.

[63]

Boars

0, 5, 10, 15, 20 or 25 µM in sperm solution

Increased frozen-thawed sperm progressive motility, higher activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase, as well as decreased the malondialdehyde content .

[96]