Table 2 Functions of riboflavin. (adapted from Shastak and Pelletier [13])

Energy production

Riboflavin is essential for producing energy via two key coenzymes, flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).

Redox balance and antioxidant capacity

Riboflavin possesses indirect antioxidant properties, aiding in the neutralization of harmful free radicals within the body.

Metabolism of fats, nucleotides, amino acids, vitamins and steroid hormones

Riboflavin participates in the enzymatic reactions associated with the metabolism of lipids, amino acids, nucleotides, vitamins, and hormones.

Cellular function, growth, and development

Riboflavin plays a fundamental role in the regulation of cellular functions, growth, and developmental processes.

Reproductive functions

Riboflavin is essential for the reproductive performance. It affects fertility and embryonic development.

Nerve function

Riboflavin deficiency has been associated neurologic abnormalities related to peripheral neuropathy; in the central nervous system, vitamin B₂ contributes to the regulation of neurohormones and biogenic amines.

Cell signaling

Riboflavin is essential for cell signaling by serving as a cofactor for nitric oxide synthase, facilitating the production of nitric oxide, which then acts on various tissues.